kw³
Ges ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©b
– ‡jmwj.G.†nvqvBU
(লেখাটি আমার এক স্যারের নির্দেশে লেখা। স্যারের প্রতি কৃতজ্ঞ অনেক ঝামেলার
মধ্যেও লেখাটি আদায় করে নেয়ার জন্য।)
ms¯‹…wZi KvR n‡”Q gvby‡li
Pvwn`vi (needs)
†hvMvb (serve)
†`Iqv| Avi GB Pvwn`v `yB ai‡Yi| h_v-
Ä wKQz Pvwn`v (needs) Av‡Q †h¸‡jv gvbyl Zvi wbR¯^
A½-cÖZ¨½ (organism)
w`‡q Pvwn`v‡K †gUv‡Z ev cwic~Y© Ki‡Z m¶g| G¸‡jv n‡”Q, Mvb MvIqv, bvPv, wg_ ev
Mí ˆZwi Kiv, K¬ve ev msMVb ˆZwii gva¨‡g GK‡Î emevm Kiv BZ¨vw` n‡”Q GB ai‡Yi
Pvwn`v|
Ä wØZxq ai‡Yi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨
gvbyl Zvi evB‡ii (c„w_exi) RM‡Zi m¤ú`¸‡jvi Dci wbf©ikxj Ges GB Pvwn`v¸‡jv gvbyl
Zvi wbR¯^ A½-cÖZ¨½(organism) w`‡q †gUv‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb- gvbyl Zvi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi
Rb¨ evB‡ii c„w_exi Dci wbf©i K‡i| nvwZqvi (tools), A¯¿(weapons) Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¯‘i mvnv‡h¨
gvbyl wb‡Ri Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb †_‡K Lv`¨, Avkªq(shelter) msMÖn K‡i, kΓ †_‡K wbivcËv
AR©b K‡i| GiKg AviI A‡bK Pvwn`v c~iY nq ewn©RMZ (External world) †_‡K|
Hk¦wiK (spritual) Ges bv›`wbK/†mŠ›`h©msµvš— (esthetic) Pvwn`v †hgb- Mvb MvIqv, bvP
Kiv, wg_ ˆZwi cÖf„wZi gva¨‡g ZLbB cwiZ…wß AR©b m¤¢e hLb gvby‡li Lv`¨, evm¯’vb
Ges wbivcËv cwic~Y©fv‡e AwR©Z n‡e| Gfv‡e mgMÖ ms¯‹…wZ RMZ e¯‘RM‡Zi (mateiral
world),
hš¿/cÖhyw³MZ (mechanical)
DcKiY Gi Dci wbf©ikxj| G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g gvbyl wb‡R‡K c„w_exi mv‡_ GK‡Î †eu‡a iv‡L|
Ab¨ GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q,
gvby‡li †mmg¯— Pvwn`v Avi Af¨š—ixb m¤ú`(inner resources/wbR¯^ A½-cÖZ¨½) w`‡q cwic~Y©
K‡i †h¸‡jv w¯’i (constant)
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| wKš‘, ewn©RM‡Zi m¤ú`(outer resources) ˆewPΨc~Y© g‡b Kiv nq|
†hKvi‡Y ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv w¯’i (inner resources) cÖZ¨q¸‡jv‡K ev` w`‡Z cvwi
Ges ïaygvÎ ˆewPΨgq (variable) cÖc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi| GB ˆewPΨgq (variable) m¤ú`¸‡jv n‡”Q- e¯‘MZ (material) Ges cÖhyw&³MZ DcKiY
(mechanical means); hvi
gva¨‡g gvbyl cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K e¨envi K‡i, Kv‡R jvMvq Ges †kvlY K‡i|
gvbyl †h cÖwµqvq c„w_exi mv‡_
hy³; †mwU‡K we‡klY Ges mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e 5wU wel‡qi (factor) mvnv‡h¨| h_v-
Ä gvby‡li kvixwiK A½-cÖZ¨½(the human
organism)
Ä Avevm¯’j ev evm¯’vb (the habitat) ev ¯’vwbK cÖwZ‡ek
Ä gvby‡li wbqwš¿Z Ges e¨vwqZ
kw³i cwigvY (the amount of energy controlled and expended by man)
Ä kw³ e¨env‡ii DcKiY I c×wZmg~n
(the ways and means in which energy is expended) Ges
Ä gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~iY¶g
cY¨/e¯‘; hv kw³ LiP K‡i Drcv`b Kiv nq (the human –need-serving product
which accurse from the expenditure of energy).
myZivs ejv hvq †h, gbyl¨
cÖRvwZi gZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj cÖRvwZ Zv‡`i Avevm¯’‡ji m¤ú` Zv‡`i Pvwn`v I D‡Ïk¨i Dci
wbf©i K‡i GK ev GKvwaK Dcv‡q wgwU‡q _v‡K| Dc‡ii cvuPwU wel‡qi †¶‡Î Avgiv g‡b
Ki‡Z cvwi †h, cÖ_g welqwU (organic factor) w¯’i I AcwieZ©bxq| hw`I gvby‡li kvixwiK ˆewkó¨ Ges Kg©¶gZv
wfbœ wfbœ| wKš‘, Avgiv †mRb¨ ms¯‹…wZi wfbœZvi Rb¨ gvbwlK ev kvixwiK wfbœZv‡K
`vqx Ki‡Z cvwibv| GB Av‡jvPbvq bi-‡Mvôx‡K (Human-race) Avgiv GKwU wek¦Rbxb GK‡K
we‡ePbv K‡i wbB A_ev w¯’i wKsev Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ev`I w`‡Z cvwi|
`ywU evm¯’vb †hgb KL‡bv GKB
iKg bq; †Zgwb mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avevm¯’jI wfbœ wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| hw`I
mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avevm¯’‡ji wfbœZvi aiY LyeB `xN©‡gqv`x cÖwµqv; ZeyI GB wfbœZv
j¶¨bxq| ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©b Aa¨qb Kivi Avevm¯’‡ji welqwU w¯’i wn‡m‡e a‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv a‡i †bB †h, c„w_exi mKj Avevm¯’‡ji Pvwn`v c~iY‡hvM¨ Ges gvbeKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨
Dc‡hvMx m¤ú‡`i cwigvY mgvb| (wKš‘, GKwU welq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h, hLb Avgiv †Kvb
GKwU wbw`©ó ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©b Aa¨qb Kie, ZLb Aek¨B †mB ms¯‹…wZi wbw`©ó Avevm¯’j‡K
we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|) myZivs Avgiv hw` Avevm¯’j‡K w¯’i we‡ePbv Kwi; Zvn‡j GB
welqwU‡KI cÖ_gwUi gZ (human organism) ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi Av‡jvPbvi evB‡i ivL‡Z cvwi|
GB welq `ywU‡K ev` w`‡j,
†h‡Kvb ai‡Yi mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v‡b wZbwU welq we`¨gvb _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡”Q-
Ü GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q gv_vwcQz
e¨eüZ (harnessed)
kw³i cwigvY Ges †mwUi gva¨‡g ms¯‹…wZi Kv‡R jvMv‡bv,(the amount
of energy per capita per unit of time harnessed and put to work within the
culture)
Ü cÖhyw³MZ DcKiY; hvi gva¨‡g
kw³ e¨vwqZ nq (the technological means with which this energy is expended).
Ü gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~iY¶g
cY¨/e¯‘; hv kw³ e¨envi K‡i Drcv`b Kiv nq (the human-need-serving product
that accrues from the expenditure of energy).
Avgiv GB wZbwU welq Gi ga¨Kvi
m¤úK©‡K GKwU m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`L‡Z cvwi-
E X T= P [kw³ X DcKiY=ms¯‹…wZ]
GLv‡b, ÔEÕ Øviv GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q gv_vwcQz e¨eüZ
kw³i cwigvY‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq| ÔTÕ
cÖhyw³MZ DcKiY‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Ges ÔPÕ GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ kw³
e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z †Kvb cY¨/e¯‘‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i|
welqwU‡K †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU
D`vniY †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: GKRb gvbyl GKwU KzVvi/Kzov‡ji (axe) mvnvh¨ KvV KuvU‡Q| a‡i wbB
†h, Kv‡Vi ¸YMZ ˆewkó¨ Ges gvby‡li Kv‡Ri `¶Zv GKB iKg Ges w¯’i| g‡b Kwi wbw`©ó
mgq n‡”Q, GK N›Uv| GLb GK N›Uvq KZUzKz KvV KuvUv n‡e †mwU `ywU wel‡qi Dci wbf©i
K‡i|
cÖ_gZ, gvbyl ev kªwgK H GK N›Uvq KZ
cwigvY kw³ e¨envi Ki‡Q Zvi Dci, hZ †ewk kw³ e¨envi Ki‡e ZZ †ewk KvV KvuUv m¤¢e
n‡e|
wØZxqZ,
GK N›Uvq KvV
KvuUvi cwigvY wbf©i Ki‡e wK ai‡Yi KzVvi/Kzovj e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Dci| A_©vr,
Ab¨vb¨ welq GKB iKg _vK‡j wbw`©ó mg‡q KvV KvuUvi cwigvY wbf©i Ki‡e
KzVvi/Kzov‡ji ¸bMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Ici| hZ fvj KzVvi/Kzovj e¨envi Kiv n‡e; ZZ †ewk KvV
KvuUv m¤¢e n‡e| Avw`g hy‡Mi GKwU cv_‡ii Kzov‡ji †P‡q eZ©gvb mg‡qi †jvnv wKsev
÷x‡ji Kzovj/KzVvi w`‡q †ewk cwigvY KvV KuvUv hv‡e|
‡Kvb GKwU Kv‡Ri Kvh©¶gZv hv
gvby‡li kw³i gva¨‡g Kiv nq Zv †KŠkjMZfv‡e wbf©i K‡i Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ e¨vw³i
kvixwiK/ˆ`wnK `¶Zv Ges e¨eüZ nvwZqv‡ii ˆewk‡ó¨i Ici| GB Av‡jvPbv Avgiv ˆ`wnK
¶gZv/`¶Zv‡K mgvb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡ev|
nvwZqvi ev DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
gvbyl Zvi kw³ e¨env‡ii ¶gZv‡K e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU `ywU Dcv‡q m¤¢e: DcKiY,
nvwZqvi ev cÖhyw³‡K Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g A_ev wbK…ó ev wbgœgv‡bi DcKiY ev cÖhyw³i
cwie‡Z© †kªqZi ev D”PZi DcKiY ev cÖhyw³i cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g| wKš‘, †h‡Kvb ai‡bi
cÖhyw³ ev DcKiY‡K DbœZ Kivi GKwU mxgvbv i‡q‡Q| †Kvb cÖhyw³‡K DbœZ Kivi GB
mxgvbv AwZµg Kiv m¤¢e bq| GB mxgvbv 1-100 kZvs‡ki g‡a¨ we`¨gvb _v‡K| †hgb: GKwU
KzVvi‡K cv_i †_‡K †jvnv wKsev ÷x‡j DbœZ Kiv m¤¢e; Gi †P‡q fvj †Kvb avZz Øviv
Kzovj‡K wbg©vY Kiv m¤¢e| wKš‘, Zvi †ewk DbœZ Kiv m¤¢e bq| wKš‘, GB Kzov‡ji
cwie‡Z© fvj ‡Kvb cÖhyw³ ev DcKiY ˆZwi m¤¢e hvi mvnv‡h¨ GKB mg‡q GKB cwigvY
gbyl¨ kw³ e¨envi K‡i AwaK KvV KvuUv m¤¢e| KzVv‡ii cwie‡Z© KivZ wKsev ˆe`y¨wZK
KivZ w`‡q A‡bK †ewk KvV KvuUv m¤¢e| myZivs ejv hvq †h, †Kvb cÖhyw³i DbœZ Kivi
mxgv wbw`©ó| ZvB bZzb cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Kvh©¶gZv‡K AwaK e„w× Kiv hvq|
ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb‡K GKUz
mvaviYxKiY Kiv hvK| Avgiv Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ cwieZ©‡bi m~ÎUv‡K GKUz wfbœfv‡e wjwL-
E X F= P [kw³ X DcKiY Gi Kvh©¶gZv=ms¯‹…wZ]
GLv‡b ÔEÕ Ges ÔPÕ c~‡e©i welq¸‡jv‡K
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| h_v: E= e¨eüZ
kw³i cwigvY Ges P=
Drcvw`Z cY¨/e¯‘| wKš‘, ÔFÕ
n‡”Q cÖhyw³MZ DcKi‡Yi Kvh©¶gZv; hvi Øviv kw³‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq (efficiency
of mechanical means)|
Avgiv Rvwb †h, ms¯‹…wZi KvRB n‡”Q gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv| GLb Avgiv ms¯‹…wZi
DbœqY‡K wKfv‡e cwigvc Ki‡ev? GUv m¤¢e we`¨gvb ms¯‹…wZi Øviv, H ms¯‹…wZ wK ai‡Yi
Kvh©¶g cÖhyw³ ev DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Q Zvi Øviv Ges wK ai‡bi gbyl¨ Pvwn`v c~iY¶g
cY¨/e¯‘ Drcv`b Ki‡Q Zvi Øviv| m~‡Î ÔPÕ GKwU wbw`©ó mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v‡b wK
cwigvY `ªe¨, e¯‘ ev cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i Zvi mvgwMÖKZv‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| GLv‡b ÔPÕ ms¯‹…wZi Ae¯’v‡K (status of
culture)
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| AviI we¯—vwiZfv‡e ej‡j, ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi gvÎv‡K (degree of
cultural development)
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| hw` ÔFÕ
= cÖhyw³MZ DcKi‡Yi Kvh©¶gZv‡K w¯’i wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi| Zvn‡j ÔPÕ = ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi gvÎv, ÔEÕ = e¨eüZ kw³i cwigv‡Yi Dci
wbf©i K‡i cwiewZ©Z n‡e| ZLb m~ÎwU n‡e-
GwU n‡”Q ms¯‹…wZ Dbœq‡bi cÖ_g
I ¸i“Z¡c~Y© m~Î| A_©vr hw` Ab¨vb¨ mKj welq mgvb _v‡K; (†hgb: gvbe †Mvôx,
Avevm¯’j Ges e¨eüZ cÖhyw&³MZ DcKiY) Zvn‡j, ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb cÖZ¨¶fv‡e GKwU
eQ‡i gv_vwcQz e¨eüZ kw³i cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©ikxj|
GKBfv‡e, wbw`©ó mg‡q gv_vwcQz
kw³ e¨env‡ii cwigvY‡K hw` wbw`©ó/w¯’i wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi| ZLb ÔPÕ, ÔFÕ Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i cwiewZ©Z
n‡e|
GwU ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi wØZxq
m~Î| hw` Ab¨vb¨ mKj welq mgvb _v‡K| Zvn‡j ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi gvÎv cÖZ¨¶fv‡e
cÖhyw³MZ DcKi‡Yi Kvh©¶gZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| GwU Aek¨¤¢vex Ges cy‡ivcywi mZ¨ †h,
hw` E Ges F ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e GKB wKsev wecixZ
w`‡K cwiewZ©Z n‡q; Zvn‡j P I
GKB ev wecixZ w`‡K cwiewZ©Z n‡e| Avi GwUI cy‡ivcywi mZ¨ †h, E Ges F memgq wewfbœ w`‡K wewfbœ
gvÎvq cwieZ©bkxj| hw` E Ges F ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e e„w× cvq Zvn‡j P `ª“Z e„w× cv‡e| wKš‘, hw`
ïaygvÎ †h‡Kvb GKwU E A_ev F e„w× cvq Ges Ab¨wU w¯’i _v‡K
Zvn‡j P e„w×i
gvÎv ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Kg n‡e|
Avevi, E Ges F Gi †h‡Kvb GKwU hw` n«vm cvq
Ges Ab¨wU hw` w¯’i _v‡K Zvn‡j P Gi
cwieZ©‡bi gvÎv n«vm cv‡e| wKš‘, hw` E Ges F DfqwU hw` GKB mv‡_ n«vm cvq, Zvn‡j P Gi n«vmI `ª“ZZi n‡e|
Ab¨w`‡K, E e„w× †cj wKš‘ F hw` n«vm cvq wKsev hw`
wecixZwU (vice-versa)N‡U|
Zvn‡j, P Gi
e„w× e¨nZ n‡e wKsev AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| hw` E Ges F ga¨Kvi n«vm-e„w×i nvi mgvš—ivj ev fvimvg¨
_v‡K Zvn‡j P AcwiewZ©Z
_vK‡e| wKš‘, hw` E Gi
e„w×i nvi F Gi
n«v‡mi †P‡q †ewk nq wKsev wecixZ (vice-versa) µg nq Zey P e„w× cv‡e| wVK GKBfv‡e E Gi n«v‡mi nvi hw` F Gi e„w×i †P‡q †ewk wKsev
wecixZ n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j P Gi
n«vm n‡e|
Dc‡ii mvaviYxK…Z m~Î `ywU n‡”Q
ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©‡bi m~Î| ms¯‹…wZ ZLbB DbœZ nq hLb gvbyl KZ©„K e¨eüZ evwl©K
gv_vwcQz kw³i e¨env‡ii cwigvY e„w× cvq| DfqwUi ¯^Ztù~Z© e„wׇZI ms¯‹…wZi DbœqbI
`ª“Z nq|
mKj RxweZ cÖRvwZB Zv‡`i Rxeb
avi‡Yi ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx msMÖvg K‡i Pj‡Q| gvbe cÖRvwZ Aw¯—Ë¡ i¶vi msMÖvg Abygvb ev †evSv hvq
ms¯‹…wZi aiY †`‡L| gvby‡li Aw¯—Ë¡ i¶vi msMÖvg KL‡bv †kl nevi bq| gvbyl cÖwZwbqZ
D‡ËviËi mg„×, fvj Rxeb-hvcb Ges wbivcËvi Rb¨ wbZ¨ bZzb Kvh©µg, AvaywbK †_‡K
AvaywbKZi hš¿, DcKiY ev cÖhyw³ Avwe®‹vi K‡i P‡j‡Q| ms¯‹…wZi GB c×wZ‡Z gvbyl
AwaK kw³kvjx cÖhyw³ Avwe®‹vi Ges e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g evwl©K kw³ (energy) e¨env‡ii gvÎv‡KI evwo‡q
Zz‡j‡Q| Gfv‡e cvwb, evZvm Ges Av¸b‡K gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Q, eb¨ cï‡K
M„ncvwjZ K‡i‡Q, eb¨ Dw™¢`‡K Pvlvev` Dc‡hvMx K‡i‡Q, ev®úxq BwÄb ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K
bZzb cÖhyw³i mv‡_ Lvc-LvIqv‡bv Ges cÖhyw³ wbqš¿b Ges e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ ms¯‹…wZ‡KI
DbœZ K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e ms¯‹…wZi Rb¨ bZzb kw³ ˆZwi Ges ms¯‹…wZi Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g kw³i
e¨env‡ii cwigvY‡K evwo‡q Zz‡j‡Q| hZ my›`i Ges Kvh©c‡hvMx wn‡m‡e kw³‡K e¨envi
K‡i‡Q, ms¯‹…wZI ZZ DbœZ I AMÖmi n‡q‡Q|
Dcmsnvi
t
‡nvqvBU Zvi ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©b
Z‡Ë¡ ms¯‹…wZ‡K M‡elYvi GKK a‡ib| wZwb cÖhyw³MZ, mvgvwRK Ges gZv`wk©K GB wZbfv‡M
ms¯‹…wZ‡K fvM K‡iY| wZwb cÖZ¨¶ Ges c‡iv¶fv‡e ms¯‹…wZi Dci cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve‡K
¸i“Z¡ †`b| ZvB Zv‡K cwi‡ek wba©viYev`xI ejv hvq| wZwb kw³i e¨env‡ii gvÎv (level/degree
of energy use)
†K ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©‡bi wbqvgK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘, †nvqvBU cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_
emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôxi cvi®úwiK m¤ú‡K©i Dci †Rvi †`bwb e‡j A‡bK b„weÁvbxi AwfgZ|
Zvi mvs¯‹…wZK weeZ©‡bi KvVv‡gv GK mËvMZ Ges GK‰iwLK|
†h
mg¯— eB¸‡jvi mn‡hvwMZv †bIqv n‡q‡Q
Gamst.C.F.S.Norbeek.E(1976.cd.) Ideas of culture
Sources and Uses.33. Energy and the evolution of culture, by Leslie A. white.
PP.283-309. Holt, Rinehart and winston. New York.America
Moore, D.J.(1997) Visions of culture. An
Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorist. Part Four Evolutionary;
Adaptitionist and materialist Theories, Julian Steward: Cultural Ecology and
Multilinear Evolution PP.169-189. Altamira press.
Avjg,Gm,Gg
Gb(2003,m¤úvw`Z), mgvR,kixi I cwi‡ek:b„weÁv‡bi cÖeÜvejx, c„ôv bs-173-175,
b„weÁvb wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq|
ingvb,
GBP,(2010), mgvR weÁvb cwiwPwZ, nvmvb eyK nvDm, XvKv|
